Why do women resign in Mexico? Analysis of the reserve salary under a cooperative approach
Keywords:
quit, marriage, reservation wage, matchingAbstract
The purpose of this article was to analyze women´s decision to remain or to quit the labor market in Mexico for the year 2019. The decision to quit is analyzed using a cooperative approach based on the sharing rule and labor specialization. The variable of interest is the reservation wage, which, although it is not directly observable, the Probit model corrected for assortative matching allows these decisions to be measured in a binary way and considering
the endogenous family response. The results indicate that a higher wage and the formality of the spouse's employment are the factors that increase the probability that women quit their jobs. Therefore, it is essential to promote joint family policies that encourage women to remain in the labor market.
Clasificación JEL: J12, J13, J16, J22
Downloads
References
Albanesi, S., & Prados, M. J. (2022). Slowing Women's Labor Force Participation: The Role of Income Inequality. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w29675. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29675
Amábile, F. (2023). Collective Labor Supply, Divisions of Domestic Work and Intra-household Bargaining. Asociación Argentina de Economía Política. https://aaep.org.ar/works/works2023/4624.pdf
Ariza, O. S., e Ibarra, L. M. (2020). ¿Y mis derechos? Arreglos familiares en torno a la paternidad. Dike, (27), 225-241. http://www.apps.buap.mx/ojs3/index.php/dike/article/view/1885/1462
Barnes, F. W., & Ethel B, Jones. (1974). Differences in male and female quitting. Journal of Human Resources, 9(4), 439-451. https://doi.org/10.2307/144779
Becker, G. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The economic journal, 75(299), 493-517. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
Bhagyashree, B., Malar, H., Khalil, D., Rekha, B,. & Mehrangiz, A. (2021). Career disruptions of married women in India: an exploratory investigation. Human Resource Development International, 24(4), 401-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2021.1904352
Bianchi M, S., Milkie, M., Sayer, L., & Robinson, J. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social forces, 79(1), 191-228. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/79.1.191
Blau, D. M. (1998). Labor Force Dynamics of Older Married Couples. Journal of Labor Economics, 16(3), 595-629. https://doi.org/10.1086/209900
Blau, F. D., & Winkler, A. E. (2021). The Economics of Women, Men, and Work. Oxford University Press.
Borjas, G. J. (2010). Labor Economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Bourguignon, F., Browning, M., Chiappori, P.-A., & Lechene, V. (1993). Intra Household Allocation of Consumption: A Model and Some Evidence from French Data. Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, (29), 137-156. https://doi.org/10.2307/20075899
Budig, M., & England., P. (2001). The wage penalty for motherhood. American sociological review, 66(2), 204-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240106600203
Cahuc, P., Carcillo, S., & Zylberberg, A. (2014). Labor Economics. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-02770-0
Castro, T., Martín, T., Cordero, J. y Seiz, M. (2020). La muy baja fecundidad en España: la brecha entre deseos y realidades reproductivas. Dossier Economistas Sin Fronteras, 8-13. https://ecosfron.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Dossieres-EsF-36-DEMOGRAFÍA.pdf
Ceballos, O. E., y Duque, C. A. (2023). Trabajo doméstico no remunerado: consumo e inversión en capital humano de las familias mexicanas. Problemas del desarrollo, 54(215), 27-53. https://doi.org/10.22201/iiec.20078951e.2023.215.70052
Cheng, Y.-h., & Hsu, C.-H. (2020). No more babies without help for whom? Education, division of labor, and fertility intentions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(4), 1270-1285. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12672
Cherchye, L., De Rock, B., & Vermeulen, F. (2012). Married with Children: A Collective Labor Supply Model with Detailed Time Use and Intrahousehold Expenditure Information. American Economic Review, 102(7), 3377–3405. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3377
Cherchye, L., De Rock, B., Lewbel, A., & Vermeulen, F. (2015). Sharing rule identification for general collective consumption models. Econometrica, 83(5), 2001-2041. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10839
Cortés, P,. & Pan, J. (2023). Children and the remaining gender gaps in the labor market. Journal of Economic Literature, 61(4),1359-1409. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221549
Currie, J. & Schwandt, H. (2014). Short- and long-term effects of unemployment on fertility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(41), 14734-14739. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408975111
Delfgaauw, J. (2007). Where to go? Workers' reasons to quit and intra-vs. interindustry job mobility. Applied Economics, 39(16), 2057-2067. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600707092
Dinerstein, M., Megalokonomou, R., & Yannelis, C. (2022). Human Capital Depreciation and Returns to Experience. American Economic Review, 112(11): 3725–62. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20201571
Erickson, R. (2005). Why emotion work matters: Sex, gender and the division of Household Labor. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67(2), 337-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2005.00120.x
Estes, S. B. (2011). How are work–family policies related to the gendered division of domestic labor?. Sociology Compass, 5(3), 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00357.x
Félix-Verduzco, G., & Inzunza-Mejía, P. C. (2019). Persistencia de los roles de género en la participación laboral de las mujeres con estudios profesionales en México. Papeles de población, 25(99), 209-248. https://rppoblacion.uaemex.mx/article/view/9920
Flabbi, L., & Moro, A. (2012). The effecto of job flexibility on female labor market outcomes: Estimates from a search and bargaining model. Journal of Econometrics, 168(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2011.09.003
Gallardo Del Angel, R. (2019). An analysis on gross flows of workers in México. Economía: teoría y práctica, (50), 145-171. https://doi.org/10.24275/etypuam/ne/502019/gallardo
García, A., Martinez N, J., & Aguayo Téllez, E. (2021). Leaving the nest or living with parents: Evidence from Mexico´s young adult population. Review of Economics of the Household, 19, 913-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-021-09553-y
Goldin, C. (2021). Journey across a Century of Women. Milken Institute Review, 23(2), 36-45. https://www.milkenreview.org/articles/journey-across-a-century-of-women
Goldin, C., Kerr, S. P., & Oliverti, C. (2022). When the kids grow up: women's employment and earnings across the family cycle. National Bureau of Economic Research, No. w30323. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30323
Gonalons-Pons, P., & Schwartz, C. (2017). Trends in economic homogamy: Changes in assortative mating or the division of labor in marriage? Demography, 54(3), 985-1005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0576-0
Greenwood, J., Guner, N., Kocharkov, G., & Santos, C. (2014). Marry your like: Assortative mating and income inequality. American Economic Review, 104(5), 348-353. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.348
Heckman, J. J. (1979). Sample selection bias as a specification error. Econometrica, 47(1), 153-161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI (2019). Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE). Primer trimestre. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enoe/15ymas/
Kim, R. Y. (2020). An unforeseen story of alpha-woman: breadwinner women are more likely to quit the job in work-family conflicts. Applied Economics, 52(55), 6009-6021. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1781775
Lewbel, A., & Pendakur, K. (2015). Generalized random coefficients with equivalence scale applications. Summit Research Repository. Simon Fraser University. https://summit.sfu.ca/item/10937
Li, J. (2021). Women hold up half the sky? Trade specialization patterns and work-related gender norms. Journal of International Economics, 128, 103407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103407
Lichter, D., & Qian, Z. (2019). The study of assortative mating: Theory, data, and analysis. In Schoen, R. (eds.). Analytical Family Demography. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis (pp. 303-337), vol 47. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93227-9_13 303-337
Marginson, S. (2019). Limitations of human capital theory. Studies in higher education, 44(2), 287-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2017.1359823
Marphatia, A., Saville, N., Amable, G., Manandhar, D., Cortina-Borja, M., Wells, J. & Reid, A. (2020). How much education is needed to delay women's age at marriage and first pregnancy? Frontiers in Public Health, 7. 396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00396
Martin, Joyce A., Hamilton, Brady E., Osterman. Michelle J. K. & Driscoll, A. (2021). Births: final data for 2019. National Vital Stastical Reports, 70(2). 1-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:100472
Mattila, P. J. (1974). Job quitting and frictional unemployment. The American Economic Review, 64(1), 235-239. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1814904
McLaren, A. (2022). Birth control in nineteenth-century England. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003294573
Merkuri, M., & Cera, E. (2024). Youth labor market opportunities and challenges in Albania: successful transition from education to employment. Quality-Access to Success, 25(200), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/25.200.03
Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. In National Bureau Committee for Economic Research. Aspects of Labor Economics (pp. 63-105). Princeton University press, 63-105. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c0603/c0603.pdf
Mitchell, O. (1983). Fringe benefits and the cost of changing jobs. Industrial an labor relations review, 37(1), 70-78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2522724
Park, C. (2020). Consumption, reservation wages, and aggregate labor supply. Review of Economic Dynamics, 37, 54-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2020.01.002
Ray, R., Gornick, J., & Schmitt, J. (2008). Parental leave policies in 21 countries: Assessing generosity and gender equality. Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic and Policy Research. Recuperado de: https://www.lisdatacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/parent-leave-report1.pdf
Sanchez, A., Herrera, A. L., & Perrotini Hernandez, I. (2015). Women's labor participation and the use of time in household care in Mexico. Contaduría y administración, 60(3), 651-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cya.2015.05.013
Sarmiento, J.A., & Gameren, E. V. (2018). Collective labor supply with children and non-participation: Evidence from Mexico. Estudios Económicos, 33(1), 65-115. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26408457
Schultz, T.W. (1993) The Economic Importance of Human Capital in Modernization. Education Economics, 1(1), 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645299300000003
Siminski, P., & Yetsenga, R. (2022). Specialization, comparative advantage, and the sexual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 40(4), 851-887. https://doi.org/10.1086/718430
Stevens, D. P. (2005). Domestic labor and marital satisfaction: How much or how satisfied?. Marriage and Family Review, 37(4), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v37n04_04
Torche, F. (2010). Educational assortative mating and economic inequality: A comparative analysis of three Latin American countries. Demography, 47(2), 481-502. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0109
Yang, L. (2021). The role of premarital cohabitation in the timing of first birth in China. Demograpich Research, 45, 259-290. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.8
Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, A. (2016). Gender, unpaid labour and economics. Collections Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, 6(326), 121-132. https://doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.326.08
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Gabriel Ibarra, Cinthya G. Caamal-Olvera
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
